Until February 2009, the Board on Military and Veterans Health focused on issues of health and health care related to military service. Military personnel and their families are exposed to risks that are often distinct from those of the civilian population, and they often receive health care and other services from dedicated systems within the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs. 

The board focused on issues relevant to this population, examined problems encountered that may be barriers to optimal health care services or outcomes, and identified opportunities to improve the transition from services provided by the Department of Defense to those provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs. 

The Board on Military and Veterans Health pursued studies related to the health impacts of the military experience.  Its interests included individuals serving on active duty, including the National Guard and Reserve, as well as those who have departed military service.  The board sought to address health issues that span the continuum of the service experience (from entry into service through the lifetime of veterans), a broad range of health and health care issues, and the health and health care needs of service members and veterans within the context of their families and communities.  

On February 6, 2009, the Board on the Health of Select Populations was established to succeed the Board on Military and Veterans Health.

The Board on Military and Veterans Health incorporated the Medical Follow-Up Agency (MFUA) into its activities. MFUA now operates under the Board on the Health of Select Populations.