Institute of Medicine

Workshop on Military Medical Ethics: Issues Regarding Dual Loyalties

Background Resources¹

Ethics Training

• Boyd JW et al. 2007. U.S. medical students’ knowledge about the military draft, the Geneva Convention, and military medical ethics. International Journal of Health Services. http://www.baywood.com/hs/ijhs374.pdf  

Military Issues

• Beam TE and EG Howe. 2003. A proposed ethic for military medicine. In: Military Medical Ethics, Vol. 2. Borden Institute. http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/ethicsVol2/Ethics-ch-27.pdf  
• Gross ME. 2006. Bioethics and Armed Conflict: Moral Dilemmas of Medicine and War. MIT Press. Abstract: http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10846
• Howe EG. 2003. Mixed agency in military medicine: Ethical roles in conflict. In: Military Medical Ethics, Vol. 1. Borden Institute. http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/ethicsVol1/Ethics-ch-12.pdf  
• Military Medical Ethics, Volumes 1 and 2, Borden Institute. http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published.html
• Ritchie EC et al., 2006. Psychiatry and the military: an update. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29(3):695-707. Abstract available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904506?ordinalpos=4&itool=entrezsystem2.pentrez.pubmed.pubmed_resultspanel.pubmed_rvdocsum  

Dual Loyalty and Human Rights

• Report of the International Dual Loyalty Working Group. 2002. Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines and Institutional Mechanisms http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2002-duelloyalty.pdf

Dual Loyalties and Correctional Health Care

• Allen SA et al., 2006. Dual Loyalties: Our Role in Preventing Inmate Abuse     http://www.ncchc.org/pubs/CC/dual_loyalties.html

 U.S. Department of Defense

• Medical Program Support for Detainee Operations (June 6, 2006) http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/231008p.pdf

 Organizationl Ethics  

• Ozar D, et al. 2000. Organizational Ethics in Health Care: A Frame-work for Ethical Decision-Making by Provider Organizations. AMA Institute of Ethics. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/upload/mm/369/organizationalethics.pdf  
• Sabin J and D Cochran. 2007. Confronting trade-offs in health care: Harvard Pilgrim Health Care’s organizational ethics program. Health Affairs 26(4):1129–1134. Abstract found at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17630456
• Ozar D. 2004. The gold standard for ethics education and effective decision-making in health care. In Organizational Ethics: Healthcare, Business, and Policy 1(1):32-42.
• Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists: See www.ethicsadvicelineforjournalists.org

 Professional Associations

American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

• ACOEM Code of Ethical Conduct, 1993. http://www.acoem.org/codeofconduct.aspx
• Confidentiality of Medical Information in the Workplace, 2008. http://www.acoem.org/guidelines.aspx?id=3538

 American Medical Association

• Principles of Medical Ethics, 2001. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2512.html
• Statement on Physician Participation in the Interrogation of Prisoners, 2006. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/369/ceja_recs_10a06.pdf

 American Psychiatric Association

• The Principles of Medical Ethics with Annotations Especially Applicable to Psychiatry http://www.psych.org/MainMenu/PsychiatricPractice/Ethics/ResourcesStandards/PrinciplesofMedicalEthics.aspx
• Psychiatric Participation in Interrogation of Detainees, 2006. http://www.psych.org/Departments/EDU/Library/APAOfficialDocumentsandRelated/PositionStatements/200601.aspx?css=print

 American Psychological Association

• Report of the APA Task Force on Psychological Ethics and National Security, 2005. http://www.apa.org/releases/PENSTaskForceReportFinal.pdf
• Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct http://www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html

 International Commission on Occupational Health

• International Code of Ethics for Occupational Health Professionals            http://www.icohweb.org/core_docs/code_ethics_eng.pdf

 International Federation of Sports Medicine

• Code of Ethics http://www.fims.org/default.asp?PageID=334926137

 World Medical Association

• Dual Loyalty, 2004. http://www.wma.net/e/ethicsunit/whats_new_archives05.htm
• WMA Declaration on Hunger Strikers. 2006. http://www.wma.net/e/policy/h31.htm
  • Background and glossary (pp. 36-43): http://www.wma.net/e/publications/pdf/wmj10.pdf  
• Tokyo Declaration, 1975. http://www.wma.net/e/policy/c18.htm

 Conventions and Treaties

• Geneva Conventions, 1949 (Convention III relative to the treatment of Prisoners of War) http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/6fef854a3517b75ac125641e004a9e68
• Istanbul Protocol, 1999. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900sid/DPAL-5ZLDT7/$file/8istprot.pdf?openelement  
• United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
  http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm

  ¹This list is meant to serve as a starting point and is only a partial listing of relevant resources. The listed resources are all available online.